How To Draw Ramesses Iii In His 15
Coordinates: 34°34′N 36°31′E / 34.57°Due north 36.51°E / 34.57; 36.51
| Boxing of Kadesh | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Second Syrian entrada of Ramesses Two | |||||||
 Ramses II during the battle, shown slaying one enemy while trampling another (from relief inside his Abu Simbel temple) | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| New Kingdom of Egypt | Hittite Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Ramesses II
| Muwatalli Two
| ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| twenty,000–53,000 men[5]
| 23,000–50,000 men
| ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown ("heavy")[12] | Unknown (2,000 chariots destroyed)[13] | ||||||
| Kadesh class=notpageimage| Location of the Battle of Kadesh. Testify map of West and Key Asia Kadesh Kadesh (Syrian arab republic) Show map of Syria | |||||||
The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took identify between the forces of the New Kingdom of Egypt under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire nether Muwatalli Ii at the urban center of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Lebanon–Syria border.[14]
The boxing is generally dated to 1274 BC from the Egyptian chronology,[15] and is the primeval pitched battle in recorded history for which details of tactics and formations are known. It is believed to have been the largest chariot boxing ever fought, involving between 5,000 and 6,000 chariots in total.[16] [17] [18]
As a result of discovery of multiple Kadesh inscriptions and the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, it is the best documented battle in all of ancient history.[xix]
Background [edit]
After expelling the Hyksos' 15th Dynasty around 1550 BC, the native Egyptian New Kingdom rulers became more aggressive in reclaiming control of their state'due south borders. Thutmose I, Thutmose Three and his son and coregent Amenhotep 2 fought battles from Megiddo n to the Orontes River, including conflict with Kadesh.[ citation needed ]
Many of the Egyptian entrada accounts between c. 1400 and 1300 BC reflect the general destabilization of the Djahy region (southern Canaan). The reigns of Thutmose IV and Amenhotep Three were undistinguished, except that Egypt continued to lose territory to the Mitanni in northern Syria.[ citation needed ]
During the late Eighteenth Dynasty, the Amarna letters tell the story of the decline of Egyptian influence in the region. The Egyptians showed flagging interest here until most the end of the dynasty.[20] Horemheb (d. 1292 BC), the last ruler of this dynasty, campaigned in this region, finally beginning to turn Egyptian involvement back to this region.[ citation needed ]
This process continued in the Nineteenth Dynasty. Like his male parent Ramesses I, Seti I was a military commander who ready out to restore Arab republic of egypt's empire to the days of the Tuthmosid kings almost a century before. Inscriptions on the Karnak walls record the details of his campaigns into Canaan and ancient Syria.[21] He took 20,000 men and reoccupied abased Egyptian posts and garrisoned cities. He fabricated an informal peace with the Hittites, took control of coastal areas forth the Mediterranean Sea and connected to campaign in Canaan. A second campaign led to his capture of Kadesh (where a stela commemorated his victory) and Amurru kingdom. His son and heir Ramesses 2 campaigned with him. In that location are historical records that record a big weapons order past Ramesses Two in the year earlier the expedition he led to Kadesh in his fifth regnal yr.[ commendation needed ]
However, at some point both regions may accept lapsed dorsum under Hittite control. What exactly happened to Amurru is disputed. Hittitologist Trevor R. Bryce suggests that, although information technology may have fallen once over again nether Hittite control, it is more than likely Amour remained a Hittite vassal land.[22]
The immediate antecedents to the Battle of Kadesh were the early campaigns of Ramesses 2 into Canaan. In the quaternary year of his reign, he marched north into Syria, either to recapture Amurru[23] or, as a probing endeavor, to ostend his vassals' loyalty and explore the terrain of possible battles.[22] In the bound of the fifth twelvemonth of his reign, in May 1274 BC, Ramesses II launched a campaign from his capital Pi-Ramesses (modernistic Qantir). The army moved across the fortress of Tjel and along the coast leading to Gaza.[24]
The recovery of Amurru was Muwatalli's stated motivation for marching south to confront the Egyptians.
Contending forces [edit]
Ramesses led an army of four divisions: Amun, Re (P're), Seth (Suteh) and the manifestly newly formed Ptah segmentation.[25]
At that place was likewise a poorly documented troop chosen the nrrn (Ne'arin or Nearin), possibly Canaanite armed services mercenaries with Egyptian allegiance[26] or even Egyptians,[27] that Ramesses Two had left in Amurru, apparently in social club to secure the port of Sumur.[28] This sectionalisation would come up to play a critical role in the battle. Also significant was the presence of Sherden troops within the Egyptian ground forces. This is the offset time they announced as Egyptian mercenaries, and they would play an increasingly significant function in Belatedly Bronze Age history, ultimately appearing amongst the Bounding main Peoples that ravaged the east Mediterranean at the end of the Bronze Age. Healy in Armies of the Pharaohs observes:
Information technology is not possible to exist precise virtually the size of the Egyptian chariot force at Kadesh though it could not take numbered less than two,000 vehicles spread through the corps of Amun, P'Re, Ptah and Sutekh, bold that approx. 500 machines were allocated to each corps. To this we may demand to add those of the Ne'arin, for if they were non native Egyptian troops their number may non accept been formed from chariots discrete from the army corps.[29]
On the Hittite side, king Muwatalli had mustered several of his allies, among them Rimisharrinaa, the male monarch of Aleppo. Ramesses Ii recorded a long list of 19 Hittite allies brought to Kadesh by Muwatalli. This list is of considerable interest to Hittitologists, as it reflects the extent of Hittite influence at the time.
Boxing [edit]
Rameses Ii in the Battle of Khadesh.
Muwatalli had positioned his troops backside "One-time Kadesh", but Ramesses was misled by two spies whom the Egyptians had captured to think that the Hittite forces were still far off, at Aleppo,[17] and ordered his forces to set up camp.[ citation needed ] The false intelligence caused Ramesses to march hastily towards Kadesh, where the Egyptians were caught off-baby-sit.[30]
Ramesses Two describes his arrival on the battleground in the 2 principal inscriptions that he wrote concerning the boxing, which were the and so-called "Poem" and the "Bulletin":
(From the "Poem") Now then, his majesty had prepared his infantry, his chariotry, and the Sherden of his majesty'due south capturing... in the Year 5, second calendar month of the third flavor, day 9, his majesty passed the fortress of Sile. [and entered Canaan] ... His infantry went on the narrow passes equally if on the highways of Egypt. Now later on days had passed after this, then his majesty was in Ramses Meri-Amon, the boondocks which is in the Valley of the Cedar.
His majesty proceeded northward. After his majesty reached the mountain range of Kadesh, then his majesty went forward... and he crossed the ford of the Orontes, with the showtime sectionalisation of Amon (named) "He Gives Victory to User-maat-Re Setep-en-Re". His majesty reached the town of Kadesh... The segmentation of Amon was on the march behind him; the division of Re was crossing the ford in a district south of the town of Shabtuna at the distance of one iter from the identify where his majesty was; the segmentation of Ptah was on the south of the town of Arnaim; the division of Ready was marching on the road. His majesty had formed the first ranks of battle of all the leaders of his army, while they were [still] on the shore in the land of Amurru.
[From the "Bulletin"] Year 5, 3rd month of the third season, day 9, under the majesty of (Ramesses II)... The lord proceeded n, and his majesty arrived at a vicinity due south of the town of Shabtuna.[31]
Shasu spies shown being browbeaten by the Egyptians.
Every bit Ramesses and the Egyptian accelerate guard were about 11 kilometers from Kadesh, south of Shabtuna, he met two Shasu nomads who told him that the Hittite rex was "in the land of Aleppo, on the n of Tunip" 200 kilometers abroad, where, the Shasu said, he was "(likewise much) afraid of Pharaoh, Fifty.P.H., to come southward".[32] This was, country the Egyptian texts, a false report ordered by the Hittites "with the aim of preventing the regular army of His Majesty from cartoon up to combat with the foe of Hatti".[32] An Egyptian scout and then arrived at the camp bringing two Hittite prisoners. The prisoners revealed that the unabridged Hittite ground forces and the Hittite king were really shut at hand:
When they had been brought before Pharaoh, His Majesty asked, "Who are y'all?" They replied "We belong to the male monarch of Hatti. He has sent us to spy on you." Then His Majesty said to them, "Where is he, the enemy from Hatti? I had heard that he was in the state of Aleppo." They of Tunip replied to His Majesty, "Lo, the king of Hatti has already arrived, together with the many countries who are supporting him... They are armed with their infantry and their chariots. They have their weapons of state of war at the gear up. They are more numerous than the grains of sand on the beach. Behold, they stand up equipped and set for battle behind the erstwhile city of Kadesh."[33]
The Hittite chariots set on the Ra partitioning.
After this, Ramesses Ii called his princes to see with him and discuss the fault of his governors and officials in not informing the position of Muwatalli II and his army. Every bit Ramesses was alone with his bodyguard and the Amun division, the vizier was ordered to hasten the arrival of the Ptah and Seth divisions, with the Re division having almost arrived at the campsite.[34] While Ramesses was talking with the princes, the Hittite chariots crossed the river and charged the middle of the Re division as they were making their way toward Ramesses' position. The Re sectionalization was caught in the open up and scattered in all directions. Some fled due north to the Amun camp, all the while being pursued by Hittite chariots.
The Hittite chariotry and then rounded north and attacked the Egyptian camp, crashing through the Amun shield wall and creating panic among the Amun division. However, the momentum of the Hittite attack was already starting to wane, as the impending obstacles of such a large camp forced many Hittite charioteers to slow their attack; some were killed in chariot crashes.[35] In the Egyptian account of the battle, Ramesses describes himself as being deserted and surrounded past enemies: "No officer was with me, no charioteer, no soldier of the regular army, no shield-bearer[.]"[36]
Ramesses was able to defeat his attackers and to return to the Egyptian lines: "I was earlier them like Set in his moment. I found the mass of chariots in whose midst I was, scattering them before my horses[.]" The pharaoh, now facing a desperate fight for his life, summoned up his courage, called upon his god Amun, and fought to save himself. Ramesses personally led several charges into the Hittite ranks together with his personal guard, some of the chariots from his Amun division and survivors from the routed sectionalisation of Re.[35]
The Hittites, who believed their enemies to be totally routed, had stopped to plunder the Egyptian military camp and then became easy targets for Ramesses'southward counterattack. His activity was successful in driving the looters back towards the Orontes River and abroad from the Egyptian camp,[37] and in the ensuing pursuit, the heavier Hittite chariots were easily overtaken and dispatched by the lighter, faster Egyptian chariots.[17]
Final phase of the battle.
Although he had suffered a significant reversal, Muwatalli Two nonetheless commanded a large force of reserve chariotry and infantry, as well as the walls of the town. As the retreat reached the river, he ordered another chiliad chariots to attack the Egyptians, the stiffening element existence the high nobles who surrounded the king. As the Hittite forces approached the Egyptian army camp again, the Ne'arin troop contingent from Amurru all of a sudden arrived, surprising the Hittites. Finally, the Ptah division arrived from the southward, threatening the Hittite rear.[38]
After six charges, the Hittite forces were almost surrounded, and the survivors were pinned against the Orontes.[28] The remaining Hittite elements, which had not been overtaken in the withdrawal, were forced to abandon their chariots and attempt to swim across the river, according to Egyptian accounts hurriedly ("as fast as crocodiles swimming"), where many of them drowned.[39]
There is no consensus about the outcome or what took place, with views ranging from an Egyptian victory to a draw,[40] or, in the view of Iranian Egyptologist Mehdi Yarahmadi, an Egyptian defeat, with the Egyptian accounts being simply propaganda.[41] The Hittite army was ultimately forced to retreat, only the Egyptians were unsuccessful in capturing Kadesh.[38]
-
Battle scene from the Great Kadesh reliefs of Ramses Two on the Walls of the Ramesseum
Aftermath [edit]
Logistically unable to back up a long siege of the walled city of Kadesh,[three] Ramesses gathered his troops and retreated south towards Damascus and ultimately back to Egypt. One time back in Egypt, Ramesses and then proclaimed victory since he had routed his enemies, but he did not fifty-fifty try to capture Kadesh.[2] In a personal sense, yet, the Battle of Kadesh was a triumph for Ramesses since after blundering into a devastating Hittite chariot ambush, the young king had courageously rallied his scattered troops to fight on the battlefield and escaped death or capture. The new lighter faster 2-human Egyptian chariots were able to pursue and take down the slower iii-man Hittite chariots from backside as they overtook them.[3]
Hittite records from Hattusa, even so, tell of a very different conclusion to the greater entrada in which a moderated Ramesses was forced to depart from Kadesh in defeat. Modern historians conclude that the battle ended in a draw from a practical point of view but was a turning point for the Egyptians, who had developed new technologies and rearmed before pushing back against the years-long steady incursions by the Hittites.[3]
The Hittite male monarch, Muwatalli II, connected to campaign every bit far south as the Egyptian province of Upi (Apa), which he captured and placed under the control of his brother Hattusili, the future Hattusili III.[42] Arab republic of egypt's sphere of influence in Asia was now restricted to Canaan.[42] Fifty-fifty that was threatened for a time past revolts amongst Arab republic of egypt's vassal states in the Levant, and Ramesses was compelled to commence on a series of campaigns in Canaan to uphold his authority there earlier he could initiate farther assaults against the Hittite Empire.[ citation needed ]
In the eighth and 9th years of his reign, Ramesses extended his military successes. This time, he proved more successful against his Hittite foes by successfully capturing the cities of Dapur and Tunip,[43] where no Egyptian soldier had been seen since nether Thutmose Three, almost 120 years earlier.
Ramesses's victory proved to be ephemeral, however. The sparse strip of territory pinched between Amurru and Kadesh did non make for a stable possession. Within a twelvemonth, it had returned to the Hittite fold, which meant that Ramesses had to march against Dapur once more in his 10th year. His second success was just as meaningless equally his first since neither Egypt nor Hatti could decisively defeat the other in boxing.[28]
An official peace treaty with Hattusili 3, the new king of the Hittites[3] some fifteen years after the Boxing of Kadesh, and in the 21st year of Ramesses 2's reign (1258 BC in conventional chronology), finally ended running borderlands conflicts. The treaty was inscribed on a silverish tablet, of which a clay re-create survived in the Hittite capital letter of Hattusa, now in Turkey, and is on brandish at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. An enlarged replica of the agreement hangs on a wall at the headquarters of the United Nations, as the earliest international peace treaty known to historians.[3] Its text, in the Hittite version, appears in the links beneath. An Egyptian version survives on a papyrus.[ citation needed ]
Documentation [edit]
At that place is more prove in the course of texts and wall reliefs for this battle than for whatsoever other in the Ancient Near East, but almost all of it is from an Egyptian perspective. Indeed, the outset scholarly report on the battle, by James Henry Breasted in 1903, praised the sources that allowed the reconstruction of the battle with certainty.[44] However, some historians argue that the battle was a describe at best and that Egyptian influence over Amurru and Qadesh seems to have been lost forever.[45]
The chief source of information is in the Egyptian record of the battle for which a full general level of accuracy is causeless, despite factual errors and propaganda.[46] The bombastic nature of Ramesses'due south version has long been recognized.[47] The Egyptian version of the battle is recorded in two primary forms, known as the Poem and the Message. The Poem has been questioned as actual poetry, as opposed to a prose account like to that recorded past other pharaohs. Also, the Bulletin is itself only a lengthy caption accompanying the reliefs.[48] The inscriptions are repeated multiple times (seven for the Bulletin and eight for the Poem, in temples in Abydos, Temple of Luxor, Karnak, Abu Simbel and the Ramesseum).[49]
In improver to these lengthy presentations, there are also numerous small captions used to point out various elements of the battle. Besides the inscriptions, in that location are textual occurrences preserved in Papyrus Raifet and Papyrus Sallier Three,[50] and a rendering of these same events in a letter from Ramesses to Hattusili III written in response to a scoffing complaint by Hattusili almost the pharaoh'south victorious delineation of the battle.[51]
Hittite references to the battle, including the higher up letter, have been found at Hattusa, but no annals accept been discovered that might describe it as part of a campaign. Instead, at that place are various references fabricated to information technology in the context of other events. That is especially truthful of Hattusili 3 for whom the battle marked an important milestone in his career.[ citation needed ]
Hittite allies [edit]
Sources: Goetze, A., "The Hittites and Syrian arab republic (1300–1200 B.C.)", in Cambridge Ancient History (1975) p. 253; Gardiner, Alan, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses Ii (1975) pp. 57ff.; Breasted, James Henry, Ancient Records of Arab republic of egypt; Historical Records (1906) pp. 125ff.; Lichtheim, Miriam, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. ii: The New Kingdom (1978), pp. 57ff.
| Egyptian Name | Location |
|---|---|
| Ḥt | Ḥatti (central Anatolia) |
| Nhrn | Nahrin = Mitanni |
| I҆rṭw | Arzawa (western Anatolia) |
| Pds | Pitassa (primal Anatolia) |
| Drdny | Dardania (allies of the Trojans,[52] northwest Anatolia) |
| Ms | Masa (Mysia, northwest Anatolia) |
| Krkš | Karkisa Maybe Caria in southwest Anatolia |
| Krkmš | Carchemish, in Syria |
| Qd | A poorly defined area in northern Syria |
| Qdš | Kadesh (in Syria) |
| Ꜥkrṭ | Ugarit (in north Syria) |
| Mwšꜣnt | Mushanet (Unknown) Possibly Mushki or Moschoi (Phrygians) |
| Kškš | Kaska (northern Anatolia) |
| Lk | Lukka lands (Lycia and Caria, southwest Anatolia) |
| Qḍwdn | Kizzuwatna (Cilicia) |
| Nwgs | Nuḥḥašši (in Syria) |
| I҆rwnt (sic!) | Arawanna (In Anatolia) |
| Ḥlb | Ḥalba (Aleppo, in Syria. Led past its king, Talmi-Sarruma, grandson of Suppiluliuma I.) |
| I҆ns | Inesa (Unknown, mayhap Neša in central Anatolia) |
In addition to these allies, the Hittite king also hired the services of some of the local Shasu tribes.
Hittite fallen [edit]
Source: Gardiner, Alan, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses II (1975) pp. 39–41.
| Name | Title |
|---|---|
| Spţr | Brother of Muwattalli |
| Trgnns | Charioteer |
| Grbts | Shield-bearer |
| Trgtţs | Troop-helm of those of Qbsw(?) |
| 'Agm | Troop-helm |
| Kmyţ | A head of thr-warriors (infantry?) |
| Ḥrpsr | Regal scribe |
| Tydr | Chief of the babysitter[53] |
| Pys | Charioteer |
| Smrts | Charioteer |
| Rbsnn | Troop-helm of 'Inns. |
| Ḥmţrm | Brother of Muwattalli |
| Tdr | Head of the thr-warriors |
| Ţ..g | Shield-bearer(?) |
| Ţwţs | Troop-captain of 'Ins |
| Bnq(?) | Charioteer |
| [?] | [I further proper name and championship, lost] |
See also [edit]
- Chariotry in Aboriginal Egypt
- Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty
- Battle of Meggido
- Exodus: Gods and Kings
References [edit]
- ^ Lorna Oakes, Pyramids, Temples & Tombs of Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Atlas of the State of the Pharaohs, Hermes House: 2003, p. 142.
- ^ a b Nicolas Grimal, A History of Aboriginal Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992, p. 256.
- ^ a b c d e f grand Ancient Discoveries: Egyptian Warfare. Event occurs at 12:00 hrs EDST, 2008-05-xiv. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-fifteen .
- ^ 100 Battles, Decisive Battles that Shaped the World, Dougherty, Martin J., Parragon, p. 10–xi.
- ^ "Top xiv Decisive Ancient Battles in History". ten February 2015.
- ^ a b Grand. Healy, Qadesh 1300 BC: Disharmonism of the warrior kings, 32
- ^ Thousand. Healy, Qadesh 1300 BC: Clash of the warrior kings, 39
- ^ Richard Holmes, Battlefield. Decisive Conflicts in History, 2006
- ^ a b Chiliad. Healy, Qadesh 1300 BC: Disharmonism of the warrior kings, 22
- ^ "Battle of Kadesh: Clash of the Chariot Armies". 10 January 2019.
- ^ Yard. Healy, Qadesh 1300 BC: Clash of the warrior kings, 21
- ^ "Battle of Kadesh". 31 July 2006.
- ^ Siggurdsson, Battle of Kadesh: Ramesses II, Egyptians fight Hittites to draw May 12th, 2016.
- ^ Most the modern village of Al-Houz in Syrian arab republic's Al-Qusayr District. see Kitchen, K. A., "Ramesside Inscriptions", volume 2, Blackwell Publishing Express, 1996, pp. sixteen–17.
- ^ Around "Year five III Shemu solar day ix" of Ramesses II's reign (James Henry Breasted, Aboriginal Records of Egypt, vol. III, p. 317) or more precisely: May 12, 1274 BC based on Ramesses' unremarkably accustomed accretion date in 1279 BC.
- ^ Eggenberger, David (1985). An Encyclopedia of Battles . Dover Publications. p. 214. ISBN9780486249131.
- ^ a b c Dr. Aaron Ralby (2013). "Battle of Kadesh, c. 1274 BCE: Clash of Empires". Atlas of Military machine History. Parragon. pp. 54–55. ISBN978-1-4723-0963-one.
- ^ Dr. Aaron Ralby (2013). "Hatti and Mitanni, 18th–12th Centuries BCE: A Kingdom Found". Atlas of Military History. Parragon. pp. 52–53. ISBN978-1-4723-0963-1.
- ^ Ockinga 1987, p. 38: "No battle fought in antiquity is so well-documented as the clash betwixt the Egyptians and the Hittites before the city of Kadesh on the Orontes in 1275 BC"
- ^ Moran, William L., "The Amarna Letters", Johns Hopkins University Printing, 1992
- ^ [1] West. J. Murnane, The Route to Kadesh: A Historical Estimation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak. (Second Edition Revised), Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1990, ISBN 0-918986-67-2
- ^ a b Bryce, Trevor, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford Academy Press, new edition 2005, ISBN 0-19-927908-Ten, p. 233.
- ^ Grimal, Nicolas, A History of Ancient Egypt (1994) pp. 253ff.
- ^ Healy, Mark (2005). Qadesh 1300 BC: Clash of the Warrior kings. Osprey. p. 27.
- ^ Gardiner, Sir Alan (1964). Arab republic of egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. p. 260.
- ^ Goedicke, Hans (Dec 1966). "Considerations on the Battle of Kadesh". The Journal of Egyptian Archæology. 52: 71–80 [78]. doi:10.2307/3855821. JSTOR 3855821.
- ^ Schulman, A.R. (1981). "The Narn at Kadesh Once more". Periodical of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities. eleven (1): 7–19.
- ^ a b c The Boxing of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history[ unreliable source? ] Archived Oct 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Mark Healy, Armies of the Pharaohs, Osprey Publishing, 2000, p. 39.
- ^ Moulton, Madison (24 Jan 2021). "The Boxing of Kadesh and the Earth's Commencement Peace Treaty". History Order. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26.
- ^ Pritchard, James B. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton, ISBN 978-0-691-03503-1. (ANET), "The Asiatic Candidature of Rameses 2", pp. 255–56
- ^ a b Wilson, John A, "The Texts of the Boxing of Kadesh", The American Periodical of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, no. 4, July 1927, p. 278.
- ^ Joyce Tyldesley, Ramesses II: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 2000. pp.70–71
- ^ "Egyptian Accounts of the Boxing of Kadesh". www.reshafim.org.il . Retrieved 2016-12-03 .
- ^ a b Marker Healy, op. cit., p. 61.
- ^ Lichtheim, Miriam (1976). Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. Two: The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 65.
- ^ Mark Healy, p. 62.
- ^ a b "Battle of Kadesh | HistoryNet". www.historynet.com. 31 July 2006. Retrieved 2016-12-03 .
- ^ Ancient Discoveries: Egyptian Warfare. History Channel Plan: Ancient Discoveries: Egyptian Warfare with console of iii experts. Event occurs at 12:00 EDST, 2008-05-14. Archived from the original on April 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-15 .
- ^ Hasel, Michael 1000 (1998). Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military machine Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 B.C. (Probleme Der Agyptologie). Brill Academic Publishers. p. 155. ISBN978-90-04-10984-1.
- ^ یاراحمدی, مهدی (2011). پارادوکس قادش : پیروزی رامسس بزرگ یا برتری مواتالی دوم ؟ [Kadesh paradox: the triumph of the great Ramses II Mvataly?] (in Persian). دانشگاه فردوس ی مشهد: شماره 44 -45 فصلنامه تاریخ پژوهی. pp. 141–151.
- ^ a b Joyce Tyldesley, Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 2000, p. 73.
- ^ Tyldesley, p. 75.
- ^ James Henry Breasted, A History of the Ancient Egyptians (1908) sect. 305
- ^ De Mieroop, Marc Van (2007). A History of Ancient Egypt. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 400. ISBN9781405160704.
- ^ TG James, Pharaoh's People: Scenes from Life in Imperial Egypt, 2007. "This romanticized tape of the Battle of Qadesh cannot exist treated as a truthful account of what happened, and I uncertainty whether many ancient Egyptians would have accepted it wholly as an historical record (p. 26)". He notes however that the "broad facts" are "probably reported with a fair degree of accuracy" (p. 27).
- ^ Some of the harshest criticism of Ramesses has come from Egyptologists. "It is all besides clear that he was a stupid and culpably inefficient general and that he failed to gain his objectives at Kadesh" (John A. Wilson, The Culture of Ancient Egypt (1951) p. 247. Yet, Wilson recognises the personal bravery of Ramesses and the improvement of his skills in subsequent campaigns.)
- ^ Gardiner, Alan, The Kadesh Inscriptions of Ramesses 2 (1975) pp. 2–iv. However, Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol. ii: The New Kingdom (1978) p. 58, maintains that the Poem is truly just that, contra Gardiner, and prefers to maintain the older tripartite partitioning of the documentation.
- ^ Lichtheim, Miriam (1976). Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. II:The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Printing. p. 57.
- ^ Breasted, James Henry, Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents" (1906) p. 58.
- ^ Kitchen, Kenneth A., Ramesside Inscriptions, Notes and Comments Book 2 (1999) pp. 13ff.
- ^ "Review: Some Recent Works on Ancient Syria and the Sea People", Michael C. Astour, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 92, No. iii, (July–September, 1972), pp. 447–59 writing almost someone who identified the Dardanians with the Trojans: "Which is, incidentally, not so: the Iliad carefully distinguishes the Dardanians from the Trojans, not but in the list of Trojan allies (11:816–23) but also in the ofttimes repeated formula keklyte meu, Tr6es kai Dardanoi ed' epikuroi (east.g., III:456)
- ^ A problematical proper noun. Gardiner translates the title as "primary of suite of suite". If the Chief of the Royal Bodyguard is meant here, then that position was held by his brother Hattusili, who quite clearly did non die.
Further reading [edit]
- Ockinga, Boyo (1987), "On the Interpretation of the Kadesh Tape", Chronique d'Égypte, 62 (123–124): 38–48, doi:10.1484/J.CDE.two.308740
- Roaf, Michael (1990). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Virtually East . Equinox. ISBN0-8160-2218-six. includes data of the clash of the Egyptians and Hittites including the battle of Kadesh and maps of the regions controlled by the peoples named in the accounts.
- Healy, Mark (1993). Qadesh 1300 B.C, Clash of the Warrior Kings. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Campaign Series #22. ISBN978-ane-85532-300-1.
- Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-280458-7.
- Lichtheim, Miriam (1976). Ancient Egyptian Literature. Vol. 2:The New Kingdom. Berkeley: University of California Press.
External links [edit]
- The Eternal treaty from the Hittite perspective (thebritishmuseum.ac.uk)
- André Dollinger (reshafim.org.il):
- End of Egyptian–Hittite hostilities
- The peace treaty between Ramses Two and Hattusili III
- The Battle of Kadesh in the context of Hittite history (hittites.info)
- Battle of Kadesh (historynet.com)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh
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